Well worth a read when discussing COMAC airliners and chinese nuclear subs.
https://www.construction-physics.com/p/a-cycle-of-misery-the-business-of
https://www.construction-physics.com/p/a-cycle-of-misery-the-business-of
I sometimes think about how the boundary of technological possibility is defined not just by mastery of the universe, but by the limits of the economy and the organizations that operate within it. If products are sufficiently complex, and demand is for such small quantities that there's a limited business case for them, we won’t get them, even if they’re physically possible to build.
Nuclear submarines seem close to this boundary: enormously complex weapons that only a tiny handful of organizations on the planet are capable of constructing. Jet airliners seem to be rapidly heading to this outer boundary, if they're not there already. Cost and level of technology required, along with the tremendous risk of developing them and the tiny number of sales on which costs can be recouped, have already whittled the number of providers down to essentially two (though perhaps China's COMAC might eventually add a third player), and there's no evidence that it's getting any easier.