Cold War Balloons
The first indication that the U.S.S.R. had a nuclear program was an intelligence report of 1948 about production of high purity calcium metal at I.G. Farben-Bitterfeld (East Germany) to help the Soviets produce 60 tons of metallic uranium per month and to produce enough plutonium to fuel a nuclear device.
In April 1948, Stuart Symington, Secretary of U.S. Air Force, was expressing his concern about the construction in Chukotskii-Siberia of new bases for the Tupolev Tu-4 strategic bombers of the
Dal’naya Aviatsiya.
The Air Force Directorate of Intelligence recommended a program of border reconnaissance flying outside Soviet territory, using oblique photographic techniques. Some Boeing RB-29 and PB4Y2
Privateer long range spy planes were used in Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) missions over the Baltic Sea and the Sea of Japan and one RF-80A from Misawa AFB was used in photographic sorties over Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Vladivostok.
The British were also highly active using their RB-45 and
Lincoln bombers in ELINT sorties over Soviet territory. Some
Meteor PR.10 and D.H.
Venom spy planes were used for photographic sorties over the East German border; the
Spitfires PR.XIX flew at high altitude over Hainan Island, Murmanks and Baltic States; one
Mosquito PR.34 was flown over Ukraine from airfield in Iraq, and some D.H.
Chipmunk light planes were flying at low level over Soviet installations at Berlin Control Zone.
One Swedish
Spitfire PR.XIX flew at 40,000 ft. over the Soviet-Finnish border carrying SKa10 and SKa12 cameras. But they had no information about what was going in the vast interior of the U.S.S.R. territory.
Some British RB-45 and
Canberra PR.3 spy planes flew deep penetration missions into Soviet air space, to collect electronic intelligence, using a crude form of
stealth with radar-absorbent paint MX-410 to get through the
Token radar defenses.
It was a dangerous game, and 51 spy planes were destroyed by Soviet fighters between August 1946 and July 1960.
Under the codename
Project Mogul, the USAAF conducted long range detection tests of Soviet nuclear detonations, using high-altitude weather balloons that carried low frequency acoustic detectors to the stratosphere. Between June 4, 1947 and October 5, 1948 eight
Moguls were launched from Holloman AFB (New Mexico) but the experiment did not get any results.
From an exclusively technological point of view, the Cold War started on August 29, 1949 at Semipalatinsk-Kazakhstan when the first Soviet atomic bomb detonated at 07:00 local time and ended on July 24, 1969 at 2,660 km east of Wake Island when the Apollo11-
Columbia’s drogue parachutes were deployed at 05:44 local time.
On September 3, 1949, a Boeing WB-29 weather reconnaissance plane detected radiological debris during a routine flight from Japan to Alaska. Twenty days later the White House announced the evidence of an atomic explosion occurred in the U.S.S.R.
Under the codename
Project Skyhook, the U.S. Navy developed a new type of weather balloon in 1947, with 300 ft. of diameter, made with polyethylene. The
Skyhook balloons attained altitudes of 100,000 ft. at a time when the service ceiling of the Lavochkin La-9, the best Soviet fighter, was just 35,400 ft.
The U.S. Navy decided to use them in spy flights over the Soviet Union. The RAND Corporation started an extensive testing program to develop different elements that compounded the reconnaissance system: nuclear particles detectors, photographic equipment, ELINT sensors, tracking devices, parachutes, and recovery planes.
The project was denominated
Gopher in 1950,
Moby Dick in 1952,
Grandson in 1953,
Grayback in 1954 and
Genetrix (the operational phase) in 1956, with launch sites in Scotland, Norway, West Germany, and Turkey.
Between January and March of 1956, 516
Skyhook balloons were launched carrying DMQ Perkin-Elmer cameras, but only 44 of them, with 13,000 photographs, were recovered over the Pacific by the C-119F airplanes of the 456th Wing. The photographs covered only the 8 per cent of the Soviet territory.
Some
Skyhook balloons were detected by the Soviet radar but the 57,400 ft. ceiling of the MiG-19S was insufficient to intercept them.