Vanessa1402
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I haven't read that article, can you link it here?Do you have a source which states unequivocally that the Rafale doesn't? There was a Jane's IDR article a while ago where Dassault stated they did not plan to take full advantage of the wide bandwidth capabilities of AESA in RBE2-AA because doing so would require a radome redesign. The point of comparison was specifically the more-than-a-radar approach on the Super Hornet (which, as Ronny states, has a separate removable screen). The radome limiting radar bandwidth is kind of a big clue that it is a FSS design, I'd think.
While it would make a lot more sense for Rafale to have FSS, evidences seem to suggest otherwise. Also afaik, F-16 doesn't have FSS radome, eventhough, it undergo RCS reduction with Have glass, Have glass II and Have glass V (I could be wrong on this but it seem like the inlet of F-16 is not coated with Have glass RAM either, I don't know why)It wouldn't be surprising if the radome on Rafale was FSS. Both Rafale and Typhoon tried to minimise the major RCS contributors, though neither is "stealthy".
I haven't read that article, can you link it here?
In fact, Dassault brochure only seem to list Saw tooth, S-duct, RAM as RCS reduction feature on Rafale.
While it would make a lot more sense for Rafale to have FSS, evidences seem to suggest otherwise.
Perhaps Rafale's RBE2 was less conspicuous on radar than the mechanically scanning CAPTOR. It will reflect strongly only dead ahead while CAPTOR could be a reflector at any angle in the front hemisphere.
IIRC the Bone primarily got theirs from the angle of the antennae and that it was a PESA. Can't seem to recall anything about bandpass radomes on the attack radar.I wonder if the B-1B has one. They made quite an effort to reduce RCS.
VLO fighters seem to apply both method, FSS radome and tilting their radarPerhaps Rafale's RBE2 was less conspicuous on radar than the mechanically scanning CAPTOR. It will reflect strongly only dead ahead while CAPTOR could be a reflector at any angle in the front hemisphere.
I'd argue it's the other way round actually - aircraft with LO ambitions which do not have FSS radomes tend to use canted radar faces if the system has a fixed phased array. Super Hornet and B-1B come to mind.
I tried searching for the term in French but couldn't find anything. The radome manufacturer of Rafale radome also only claim that their radome is very transparentI haven't read that article, can you link it here?
![]()
Pragmatic Rafale - [PDF Document]
7/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 1/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 2/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 3/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 4/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 5/117/21/2019 Pragmatic…vdocuments.pub
Page 11. Perhaps knowing the French technical term for FSS or bandpass would help the Google hit rate. Unfortunately, having learned it at school, (what remains of) my French vocabulary is the polar opposite of my Russian (which consists practically entirely of technical terms)...
In fact, Dassault brochure only seem to list Saw tooth, S-duct, RAM as RCS reduction feature on Rafale.
It doesn't explicitly mention the conducive canopy coating either, yet it's clearly present. Being a Dassault presentation, it may only refer to those RCS reduction measures under Dassault's direct control, not those supplied in finished form by others.
VLO fighters seem to apply both method, FSS radome and tilting their radar
Isn't normal radome made from material which are transparent to radiowave like kelva or fiber glass (aka non conductor) ? Why would it has narrow band limit?All conventional radomes are narrowband. They are designed to work correctly with best transmission characteristics at a given wavelength e.g. 9GHz matching the radar. You can't change the radar frequency too far from this without designing a new radome. This isn't the same as FSS (frequency selective) radomes, which actively block frequencies outside of a desired range.
A wideband radome can be used across a wide range of frequencies like 1 - 18 GHz or something. LPI AESA radars use spread-spectrum techniques and so tend to work across a much wider range of frequencies.
Isn't normal radome made from material which are transparent to radiowave like kelva or fiber glass (aka non conductor) ? Why would it has narrow band limit?
TYPES / CLASSES / STYLES
Radomes for use on flight vehicles, surface vehicles and fixed ground installations are classified into various categories according to MIL-R-7705B. Categories are determined by the specific radome use and wall construction. Customer satisfaction is met by the following,
Type’s definitions
Type I: low frequency radomes at or below 2 GHz.
Type II: Directional guidance radomes having specified directional accuracy and requirements. Bore sight error (BSE), bore sight error slope (BSES), antenna pattern distortion and antenna side lobe degradation.
Type III: narrowband radomes with an operational bandwidth less than 10%.
Type IV: multiple frequency band radomes used at two or more narrow frequency band.
Type V: broadband radomes generally providing an operational bandwidth between 0.100GHz and 0.667GHz
Type VI: very broadband radomes that provide and operational bandwidth greater than 0.667GHz.
Style definitions
Radome styles are defined according to the dielectric wall construction. There are 5 basic styles.
Style A: Half wave wall solid (monolithic).
Style B: Thin wall monolithic with a wall thickness equal to or less than 0.1 wavelengths at the highest operating frequency.
Style C: A-Sandwich multi-layered wall. Consisting of three layers two high density skins and a low density core. The dielectric constant of the skins is greater than the dielectric constant of the core material. 0.25 wavelengths.
Style D: Multi layered wall having 5 or more dielectric layers. Odd number of high density layers and an even number of low density core layers. As the number of layers is increased, the broadband frequency performance is improved.
Style E: Other radome wall constructions not fitting into the above style definitions. Including the B-Sandwich consisting of two low density skins and a high density core. Dielectric constant of the skins is less than the dielectric constant of the core.
RADOME CHARACTERISTICS
It has been well-known for some time that the presence of a radome can affect gain, beam width, side lobe level, and the direction of the bore sight, or pointing direction of a radar antenna. The radome characteristics are classified in to Electrical Characteristics , Mechanical Characteristics
Electrical Characteristics
The electrical-performance characteristics are quantified in terms of transmission loss, beam deflection, pattern distortion and reflected power.
A. Transmission Loss
The transmission loss is a measure of energy loss due to reflection and absorption as a result of transmission of the signal through the radome. Faulty repair procedures can create regions of transmission loss not present in the original radome.
B. Beam Deflection
Beam deflection, also known as bore sight error, is the shift of the main-lobe electrical axis due to the presence of the radome.
C. Pattern Distortion
Pattern distortion due to the presence of an incorrectly repaired radome can cause changes in the mainlobe beam widths, null depths and the structure of the side lobes.
D. Reflected Power
Reflected power can cause degradation of the pattern and raise side lobe levels. It can also cause frequency pulling of a magnetron.
From Overscan and Ronny discussion above, we can safely conclude that Rafale doesn't have Bandpass radome. It has a narrow band radome like F-16I haven't read that article, can you link it here?
![]()
Pragmatic Rafale - [PDF Document]
7/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 1/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 2/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 3/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 4/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 5/117/21/2019 Pragmatic…vdocuments.pub
Page 11. Perhaps knowing the French technical term for FSS or bandpass would help the Google hit rate. Unfortunately, having learned it at school, (what remains of) my French vocabulary is the polar opposite of my Russian (which consists practically entirely of technical terms)...
The grid mesh used by Dassault aviation to compute the radiated pattern of the conformal antenna on Rafale also suggest that the radome is non conductive, so it must be transparent to RF wave.From Overscan and Ronny discussion above, we can safely conclude that Rafale doesn't have Bandpass radome. It has a narrow band radome like F-16I haven't read that article, can you link it here?
![]()
Pragmatic Rafale - [PDF Document]
7/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 1/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 2/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 3/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 4/117/21/2019 Pragmatic Rafale 5/117/21/2019 Pragmatic…vdocuments.pub
Page 11. Perhaps knowing the French technical term for FSS or bandpass would help the Google hit rate. Unfortunately, having learned it at school, (what remains of) my French vocabulary is the polar opposite of my Russian (which consists practically entirely of technical terms)...
If I recall correctly, the reflection of radiowave is due to the induced current generated when the wave hit a surface, so I don't see how a non conductor can reflect radio waveJust because it is not conductive does not mean it is transparent to RF.
In this particular case it probably is, but it is not safe to assume a non conductive or dielectric material is RF transparent or does not alter the RF signal. Some dielectric materials will pass through a signal from one direction but reflect it from another, and absorb from another!
Yes, but you can't make an FSS radome that doesn't reflect radiowave. And also radar wave must travel both way, in and out the radome, otherwise the radar doesn't workNon-reflective =/= transparent.
And also radar wave must travel both way, in and out the radome, otherwise the radar doesn't work
properties can be anisotropic, as mentioned.
Yes some properties can be anisotropic, but a radar is not the same as a jammer. If you make radome absorb radar wave in one direction , it still affect the radar performance. So within the frequency that radar operate ,the radome can't interfere with the wave.And also radar wave must travel both way, in and out the radome, otherwise the radar doesn't work
properties can be anisotropic, as mentioned.
What matters is the characteristic impedance of the surface. Any mismatch from the approx. 377 ohms impedance of free space (Z0) will result in a reflected wave; the greater the mismatch, the greater the amount reflected (I used to design reflectometers for measuring exactly this). Conductive surfaces have very low impedance and are therefore good at reflecting. Equally, some insulators with particular magnetic properties can have very high impedances and therefore, perhaps counter-intuitively, also return a significant reflection. The aim of a stealthy material is to match Z0 as closely as possible.If I recall correctly, the reflection of radiowave is due to the induced current generated when the wave hit a surface, so I don't see how a non conductor can reflect radio waveJust because it is not conductive does not mean it is transparent to RF.
In this particular case it probably is, but it is not safe to assume a non conductive or dielectric material is RF transparent or does not alter the RF signal. Some dielectric materials will pass through a signal from one direction but reflect it from another, and absorb from another!
377 ohms is as high as characteristic impendance can get I thinkWhat matters is the characteristic impedance of the surface. Any mismatch from the approx. 377 ohms impedance of free space (Z0) will result in a reflected wave; the greater the mismatch, the greater the amount reflected (I used to design reflectometers for measuring exactly this). Conductive surfaces have very low impedance and are therefore good at reflecting. Equally, some insulators with particular magnetic properties can have very high impedances and therefore, perhaps counter-intuitively, also return a significant reflection. The aim of a stealthy material is to match Z0 as closely as possible.If I recall correctly, the reflection of radiowave is due to the induced current generated when the wave hit a surface, so I don't see how a non conductor can reflect radio waveJust because it is not conductive does not mean it is transparent to RF.
In this particular case it probably is, but it is not safe to assume a non conductive or dielectric material is RF transparent or does not alter the RF signal. Some dielectric materials will pass through a signal from one direction but reflect it from another, and absorb from another!
377 ohms is as high as characteristic impendance can get I thinkWhat matters is the characteristic impedance of the surface. Any mismatch from the approx. 377 ohms impedance of free space (Z0) will result in a reflected wave; the greater the mismatch, the greater the amount reflected (I used to design reflectometers for measuring exactly this). Conductive surfaces have very low impedance and are therefore good at reflecting. Equally, some insulators with particular magnetic properties can have very high impedances and therefore, perhaps counter-intuitively, also return a significant reflection. The aim of a stealthy material is to match Z0 as closely as possible.
I don't think the surface impendance of material affect the reflection/transmission of wave at the boundary. If I recall correctly, only the characteristic impedance matter377 ohms is as high as characteristic impendance can get I thinkWhat matters is the characteristic impedance of the surface. Any mismatch from the approx. 377 ohms impedance of free space (Z0) will result in a reflected wave; the greater the mismatch, the greater the amount reflected (I used to design reflectometers for measuring exactly this). Conductive surfaces have very low impedance and are therefore good at reflecting. Equally, some insulators with particular magnetic properties can have very high impedances and therefore, perhaps counter-intuitively, also return a significant reflection. The aim of a stealthy material is to match Z0 as closely as possible.
My misuse of language, thank you. "Characteristic impedance" refers to a transmission line or, in the limit, free space, and you are correct about this. However the relevant characteristic of a given material is called its surface impedance, and this is what can be a good deal higher than 377 ohms.
What matters is the impedance mismatch across the junction.
I don't think the surface impendance of material affect the reflection/transmission of wave at the boundary. If I recall correctly, only the characteristic impedance matter377 ohms is as high as characteristic impendance can get I thinkWhat matters is the characteristic impedance of the surface. Any mismatch from the approx. 377 ohms impedance of free space (Z0) will result in a reflected wave; the greater the mismatch, the greater the amount reflected (I used to design reflectometers for measuring exactly this). Conductive surfaces have very low impedance and are therefore good at reflecting. Equally, some insulators with particular magnetic properties can have very high impedances and therefore, perhaps counter-intuitively, also return a significant reflection. The aim of a stealthy material is to match Z0 as closely as possible.
My misuse of language, thank you. "Characteristic impedance" refers to a transmission line or, in the limit, free space, and you are correct about this. However the relevant characteristic of a given material is called its surface impedance, and this is what can be a good deal higher than 377 ohms.
What matters is the impedance mismatch across the junction.
Based on this video from 4:14 forward.All conventional radomes are narrowband. They are designed to work correctly with best transmission characteristics at a given wavelength e.g. 9GHz matching the radar. You can't change the radar frequency too far from this without designing a new radome. This isn't the same as FSS (frequency selective) radomes, which actively block frequencies outside of a desired range.
A wideband radome can be used across a wide range of frequencies like 1 - 18 GHz or something. LPI AESA radars use spread-spectrum techniques and so tend to work across a much wider range of frequencies.
In fact, an AESA flew on Rafale in May 2003. According to Ramstein, a migration to AESA has been considered from the early days of the programme, and the RBE2 is designed so that an AESA front end can replace the current passive antenna and TWT. Power and cooling are adequate for the job. A programme called Demonstrateur de Radar a l'Antenne Active (DRAA) started in 2000, and the radar flew on a Falcon in late 2002 before flying in Rafale B301. "It was a difficult integration, taking two or three days," jokes Ramstein. The problem, however, is that DRAA relied on US-sourced high-power processing chips - which, after Korea and the Iraq war, no longer seemed like a good idea. A new AESA version of the RBE2, DRAAMA (DRAA modes avancées), using all-European technology, was launched in July 2004 and will be ready in 2007-08. "We have a firm commitment to AESA, which allows us to propose it for export," Ramstein says.
However, Dassault and Thales are not proposing to make the AESA the all-encompassing RF Cuisinart that Boeing (for example) envisages for the Super Hornet, with features such as passive detection, multi-beam operation and jamming. Nor does the team intend to exploit the AESA's wide bandwidth, which would mean a new radome. (This suggests that the current radome is a bandpass design, transparent at the RBE2 frequency but stealthily reflective at any other.) Rather, the approach is to minimise cost and risk by keeping the same modes as the RBE2, while harvesting what are seen as the most valuable advantages of the AESA. These include a 50 per cent-plus increase in detection range - a better match for Meteor - much better performance at the edges of the elevation and bearing envelope, better reliability through the elimination of single-point failures and lower through-life costs. With only 120 aircraft planned by 2012, the pace of the Rafale programme has been influenced more by budget considerations than by technology.
It is an improvement of J/APG-1 as part of the multi-role renovation of F-2, and from 2003 (Heisei 15) to 2009 (Heisei 21) under the 4th Development Office of the Technical Development Officer (in charge of aircraft) of the Technical Research Division, "Active Radio Wave In the name of "Research on homing and missile loading", research on the ability to mount AAM-4 and the detection distance of J/APG-1 radar to make full use of the performance of AAM-4, the significant extension of the detection area and the ability to deal with simultaneous targets will be carried out. It was [2].
As for the contents of the renovation
and so on.
- Miniaturization of installed equipment
- J/ARG-1, a command transmitter dedicated to AAM-4, has been added to the space opened due to miniaturization.
- Replace the signal processing unit with a high-speed one
- Aerial line with ultra-high power module
- Replacement of the radome to an improved radio reflection characteristic type
- Adoption of software for extending detection distance
In particular, the detection distance has been improved due to the improvement of the antenna output, and according to one theory, it will be AN/APG-79 or higher equipped with F/A-18E/F Block 2, which was named as an F-X candidate machine [3].