Sea Dart missile everything?

tomo pauk

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As an LR anti-radiation missile, against the air-, sea- and land-based radars.
Combined IR and radio-homing, with the nose cone housing the IR sensor and guidance.
Version with data-link.
ARH-guided missile.
ABM capacity?
A bit more developed anti-ship missile?

Anything else?
 
As an LR anti-radiation missile, against the air-, sea- and land-based radars.
Possible, pretty possible. A new electronic package would need to be developed, but if Talos ARM was created, the Sea Dart could be too.

Combined IR and radio-homing, with the nose cone housing the IR sensor and guidance
That would be more problematic. The nose cone of Sea Dart is only protruding a bit from air intake. So unless the IR sensor is very small to fully fit into protruding part - a MANPAD-scale one at most - it's field of view would be extremely limited. And a MANPAD-size IR sensor would likely not be capable enough for supersonic interceptions.

Version with data-link.
Possible, but what exactly do you want to transmit through it? Command corrections for missile autopilot on mid-course?

ARH-guided missile.
? ARH - Anti-Radiation Homing?

ABM capacity?
That was actually suggested and even explored at least a bit, but it would require a nuclear warhead to make any good. The tiny Sea Dart warhead (11 kg) of continious-rod type would be next thing to useless against ballistic target; the rods expansion velocity is neither fast nor even enough to reliably hit such target.

A bit more developed anti-ship missile?

According to Littlewars site, it was actually proposed:

In 1969 Hawker Siddley Dynamics (HSD) proposed an anti-ship sea-skimming variant; the ramjet sustainer would have been fuelled with Shelldyne instead of kerosene. Shelldyne was significantly denser and would have given the missile a significantly greater range, approximately 37km (the same range as the missile in the conventional 'up and over' trajectory) as opposed to 24km. The missile would have used the same CW radio altimeter as proposed for Seaslug; this altimeter was fitted to the Phantoms built for the FAA. It was intended to fit a semi-armour-piercing warhead immediately behind the nosecone, and move the electronics back into the space normally used by the radio fuze.

Must confess, that I have doubts about the efficiency of Sea Dart as anti-ship missile. It's warhead is tiny. Yes, its speed and mass would partially compensate for that, but a dedicated anti-ship missile would require at least 100-250 kg warhead.
 
With an IR seeker there is also the problem that the intake cone is a compression surface that has to be the shape it is to generate the appropriate shock wave angles in supersonic flight for the ramjet to function. But an IR seeker needs a domed (i.e. blunt spherical) or oblique planar seeker window for good optical performance. You might try something like the Mistral polygonal window, but I suspect neither the optical performance nor the intake shock system would be satisfactory (lots of shear layers in the intake flow and bad optical distortion in the centre of the field of view where all the pane edges meet.).
 
That would be more problematic. The nose cone of Sea Dart is only protruding a bit from air intake. So unless the IR sensor is very small to fully fit into protruding part - a MANPAD-scale one at most - it's field of view would be extremely limited. And a MANPAD-size IR sensor would likely not be capable enough for supersonic interceptions.

Possible, but what exactly do you want to transmit through it? Command corrections for missile autopilot on mid-course?

The two (IR seeker and the data link) would've allowed the long-range shot to be accurately guided in the terminal phase. Sorta how the Soviet IR-guided big missiles worked, like the 'T' versions of the R-23/-24/-27/-40?

? ARH - Anti-Radiation Homing?
Active radar homing.

That was actually suggested and even explored at least a bit, but it would require a nuclear warhead to make any good. The tiny Sea Dart warhead (11 kg) of continious-rod type would be next thing to useless against ballistic target; the rods expansion velocity is neither fast nor even enough to reliably hit such target.

It should be tested 1st to see whether a direct hit can be achieved? Then see how to upgrade the warhead?

According to Littlewars site, it was actually proposed:


Must confess, that I have doubts about the efficiency of Sea Dart as anti-ship missile. It's warhead is tiny. Yes, its speed and mass would partially compensate for that, but a dedicated anti-ship missile would require at least 100-250 kg warhead.

Thank you for the excerpt.
Indeed, some work wrt. the warhed would've been needed - try out that new fuel, new electronics, trade some fuel for the warhead weight/size etc?
As far as the attack profile, perhaps going for the ballistic trajectory for such a high-speed missile?
 
The two (IR seeker and the data link) would've allowed the long-range shot to be accurately guided in the terminal phase. Sorta how the Soviet IR-guided big missiles worked, like the 'T' versions of the R-23/-24/-27/-40?
You would need the significant rebuild of guidance system, so it would accept seeker position as guidance command, instead of polyrod antenna signals. It's doable, but it would require rebuilding the whole guidance electronics.

Besides that, the problem, as I mentioned above - there is little space in protruging part of nose cone to fit a full-scale seeker. Either the seeker optic would be very small (which would greatly reduce performance) or the seeker would have only a very narrow scanning arc (which is definitedly not good for anti-air missile)

Active radar homing.
Ah. Hm. Theoretically possible, but again, the antenna question. You probably would be forced to use something like Yagi-Uda array protruging out of missile nose to get any meaningful angle of scan.

It should be tested 1st to see whether a direct hit can be achieved? Then see how to upgrade the warhead?
The direct hit is out of question for 1970s electronics. It simply not accurate enough. And you can't improve the warhead much; it's just too small to do the job. Also, a fast-reaction fuse would be required.

Indeed, some work wrt. the warhed would've been needed - try out that new fuel, new electronics, trade some fuel for the warhead weight/size etc?
As far as the attack profile, perhaps going for the ballistic trajectory for such a high-speed missile?
Well, it's possible, since the missile range would be limited by horizon anyway (it was still semi-active homing).

As far as the attack profile, perhaps going for the ballistic trajectory for such a high-speed missile?
Possible, but:

* It would make missile much more vulnerable to target's air defense (and Soviet Navy always have short-range AA capacity)
* The missile would still be limited to radar horizon, since it's still semi-active homing

P.S. For the anti-ship version, the IR seeker may actually be useful. The enemy warship is much less maneuverable target than enemy plane, so the limited scanning arc for seeker would not be a hindrance.
 
Didn't they proposed a Sea Dart armed Vulcan, to patrol the GIUK gap ?
 
As far as the attack profile, perhaps going for the ballistic trajectory for such a high-speed missile?

For an airbreather a ballistic trajectory may go too high for the engine to function, depending on range. High cruise altitude is good for fuel consumption, but for something like Sea Dart you'd ideally want something like 20km, certainly no more than 30km.

The enemy warship is much less maneuverable target than enemy plane, so the limited scanning arc for seeker would not be a hindrance.

I don't know about that... AShMs work in LOAL mode, so you have to somehow ensure the target is inside the seeker FoV when it activates in the terminal phase. For long range missiles this can be problematic, because the ship, slow as it may be, can nevertheless move a considerable distance from its predicted position at seeker activation in the time elapsed since launch if it makes an unanticipated course change. Sea Dart's high speed helps in this regard, since it cuts the time available to the target, but NSM has a panoramic (!) seeker FoV for a reason, and the steep range penalty for TASM compared to TLAM was mostly due to the search pattern the missile was expected to have to fly in the target area in order to acquire the target.
 
You would need the significant rebuild of guidance system, so it would accept seeker position as guidance command, instead of polyrod antenna signals. It's doable, but it would require rebuilding the whole guidance electronics.

Besides that, the problem, as I mentioned above - there is little space in protruging part of nose cone to fit a full-scale seeker. Either the seeker optic would be very small (which would greatly reduce performance) or the seeker would have only a very narrow scanning arc (which is definitedly not good for anti-air missile)

My take - have people try out the idea/concept in the 1980s and see what is possible wrt. the IR seeker.

The direct hit is out of question for 1970s electronics. It simply not accurate enough. And you can't improve the warhead much; it's just too small to do the job. Also, a fast-reaction fuse would be required.
It is probably not against the law to use 1980s electronics.

Well, it's possible, since the missile range would be limited by horizon anyway (it was still semi-active homing).

The passive radio homing can be used - so it is a surface-launched ARM - with an option to use the IR seeker in combination.

Possible, but:

* It would make missile much more vulnerable to target's air defense (and Soviet Navy always have short-range AA capacity)

I'd say that Soviet Navy capabilities against a small-sized ballistic missile were very limited until the Grumble came along. West was also very good in electronics warfare.
 
For an airbreather a ballistic trajectory may go too high for the engine to function, depending on range. High cruise altitude is good for fuel consumption, but for something like Sea Dart you'd ideally want something like 20km, certainly no more than 30km.

Works for me.
 
I don't know about that... AShMs work in LOAL mode, so you have to somehow ensure the target is inside the seeker FoV when it activates in the terminal phase.
Well, it's a supersonic missile - so the time of flight is very short, and enemy ship can't move very far from designated area. And the missile could always initiate a simple seeker pattern by giving missile a bit of spirale spin, so it's seeker area would rotate.
 
My take - have people try out the idea/concept in the 1980s and see what is possible wrt. the IR seeker.
As I mentioned above, the problem mainly is that seeker have a very limited sector of view. It's suitable for anti-surface missile, but not for anti-air one.

It is probably not against the law to use 1980s electronics.
But the polyrod seeker probably is not accurate enough anyway to ensure direct hit.

The passive radio homing can be used - so it is a surface-launched ARM - with an option to use the IR seeker in combination.
That's possible, yes.

I'd say that Soviet Navy capabilities against a small-sized ballistic missile were very limited until the Grumble came along.
One problem - the Sea Dart is not exactly ballistic. It's ramjet-powered aerodynamic missile with Mach 2.5 cruise speed. It's perfectly within the capabilities of M-11 Shtorm and M-22 Uragan (which used Buk-M1 missiles, which have anti-ballistic capability).

West was also very good in electronics warfare.
And so?
 
One problem - the Sea Dart is not exactly ballistic. It's ramjet-powered aerodynamic missile with Mach 2.5 cruise speed. It's perfectly within the capabilities of M-11 Shtorm and M-22 Uragan (which used Buk-M1 missiles, which have anti-ballistic capability).

I've ceased to believe the Soviet sales brochures long time ago.


After 80+ years of electronics warfare he asks 'and so'.
Dude.
 
I've ceased to believe the Soviet sales brochures long time ago.
Please stop dragging politics into technical discussion, or should I remind you about all the cases Western tech did not live up to expectations?

After 80+ years of electronics warfare he asks 'and so'.
Dude.
Sigh. My point was, what exactly are you planning to do with it? You can't fit jammer on Sea Dart. And shipborne jammers could not cover the moving missiles. At most, they could create broadband noise jamming hoping to make aquisition of the missile more problematic, but even this would not be very efficient because antennas would not look at the direction of the launching ship, they would be tracking high-
flying missile in the sky.

ECM's aren't magic, "dude". You can't merely handwave "oh, we surely have so good ECM's, that they somehow would work".
 
After 80+ years of electronics warfare he asks 'and so'.
Dude.
Oh, by the way - I'm not sure that 1970s Royal Navy actually have any shipboard jammers. Type 42 destroyers apparently got the electronic warfare set (type 670) only in late 1980s. Before that, they relied on chaffs and AN/SLQ-49 floating decoys. Which are absolutely useless in offensive electronic warfare, you know.

So the fact that -
West was also very good in electronics warfare.
- means absolutely nothing, because RN ships in 1970-1980s apparently did not have any electronic warfare capability.
 
That was actually suggested and even explored at least a bit, but it would require a nuclear warhead to make any good. The tiny Sea Dart warhead (11 kg) of continious-rod type would be next thing to useless against ballistic target; the rods expansion velocity is neither fast nor even enough to reliably hit such target.


Must confess, that I have doubts about the efficiency of Sea Dart as anti-ship missile. It's warhead is tiny. Yes, its speed and mass would partially compensate for that, but a dedicated anti-ship missile would require at least 100-250 kg warhead.
The Mod0 missile had continuous rod warhead, but the Mod3 switched that to a fragment cloud warhead. This was not a new production missile, instead being old stock put through an upgrade. They also embodied an IR prox fuse to replace original EW version…..as it would go off if too close to the sea surface. When missile prior to Mod 3 where used in an anti ship role the prox fuse was switched off before to launch. Now that’s a serious problem if you’re trying to knock down a sea skimmer, not to mention a sea skimmer would fly through the middle of the expanding rods. I’m told the mod3 had a reasonable capability against sea skimmers and preformed quite well in testing.

As for ABM, I remember asking that question when I assigned to the Sea Dart development team in about 1984/5. The answer was it didn’t have the manoeuvring energy to be effective against anything more than theatre ballistic weapons. I believe there were questions raised about nuclear warheads in the very early studies but never taken beyond that….likely more anti aircraft.
 
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One problem - the Sea Dart is not exactly ballistic. It's ramjet-powered aerodynamic missile with Mach 2.5 cruise speed. It's perfectly within the capabilities of M-11 Shtorm and M-22 Uragan (which used Buk-M1 missiles, which have anti-ballistic capability).
The speed depends on the altitude, with low altitude flight limited to about 1.6 Mach but at high altitude 3.5+ Mach was possible. The Mod2&3 were optimised to cruise at high altitude. In the mid 70’s, 6 missile were modified for an aero performance trial. It was said these flew at well over Mach 4.
 
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Please stop dragging politics into technical discussion, or should I remind you about all the cases Western tech did not live up to expectations?

??
If you have an issue with me not believing the Soviet, and, indeed, Russian sales brochures, that is your problem, not mine, and it is not solvable by pointing out to the other people's faults.

Sigh. My point was, what exactly are you planning to do with it? You can't fit jammer on Sea Dart. And shipborne jammers could not cover the moving missiles. At most, they could create broadband noise jamming hoping to make aquisition of the missile more problematic, but even this would not be very efficient because antennas would not look at the direction of the launching ship, they would be tracking high-
flying missile in the sky.
ECM's aren't magic, "dude". You can't merely handwave "oh, we surely have so good ECM's, that they somehow would work".
Oh, by the way - I'm not sure that 1970s Royal Navy actually have any shipboard jammers. Type 42 destroyers apparently got the electronic warfare set (type 670) only in late 1980s. Before that, they relied on chaffs and AN/SLQ-49 floating decoys. Which are absolutely useless in offensive electronic warfare, you know.

If only someone invented aircraft-borne jammers.
 
If you have an issue with me not believing the Soviet, and, indeed, Russian sales brochures, that is your problem, not mine, and it is not solvable by pointing out to the other people's faults.
I have an issue with using "I do not believe" in the discussion. It make it utterly pointless, because beliefs are not something that could be proven or disproven. If you have practial counter-arguments, it's one thing. But dismissing arguments only because you "did not believe" in them make discussion pointless.

If only someone invented aircraft-borne jammers.
So you are suggesting to use aircraft jammers to cover the approach of ship-launched missile? It's overcomplicated, not to mention that it would require aircraft to be presented relatively close to the action.
 
I have an issue with using "I do not believe" in the discussion. It make it utterly pointless, because beliefs are not something that could be proven or disproven. If you have practial counter-arguments, it's one thing. But dismissing arguments only because you "did not believe" in them make discussion pointless.
I haven't just woke up one day and decide not to believe the Soviet sales brochures.
There was too many tanks with turrets blown sky high to believe that their tanks were good. Too many of easily trashed radars and aircraft of Soviet/Russian production in the Middle East from 1967 until today. Too many attacks done by ww1-performance drones that bore fruit when targeting Russia today to believe them. Too many ships sunk.

So you are suggesting to use aircraft jammers to cover the approach of ship-launched missile? It's overcomplicated, not to mention that it would require aircraft to be presented relatively close to the action.

What I'm suggesting is that there will be no one vs. one duel, RN ship vs. a Soviet ship in a full-on war.
If anything, There would've been a full NATO vs. full Warsaw pact showdown. You can bet that there will be hundreds of airborne jammers in the North Atlantic buzzing around, and hundreds both of ships and aircraft lobbing the missiles on the enemy fleets.
Even if it is only RN vs. Soviet Norther fleet, you can bet that British will be sending aircraft in the numbers they can muster to support the fleet.
 
There was too many tanks with turrets blown sky high to believe that their tanks were good. Too many of easily trashed radars and aircraft of Soviet/Russian production in the Middle East from 1967 until today. Too many attacks done by ww1-performance drones that bore fruit when targeting Russia today to believe them. Too many ships sunk.
Then this discussion is pointless, because it's not a matter of arguments, it's a matter of beliefs. Not to mention that you apparently did not grasp the simple logic; we are talking about Cold War era systems, and during Cold War neither side could allow itself to assume that "those guys stuff probably did not work as planned". The last time USA assumed something like that, their "invulnerable" U-2 was knocked down by S-75 SAM because guys that runned CIA just assumed the same thing as you - "nah, Soviet missiles could not be that good".

What I'm suggesting is that there will be no one vs. one duel, RN ship vs. a Soviet ship in a full-on war.
If anything, There would've been a full NATO vs. full Warsaw pact showdown. You can bet that there will be hundreds of airborne jammers in the North Atlantic buzzing around, and hundreds both of ships and aircraft lobbing the missiles on the enemy fleets.
Even if it is only RN vs. Soviet Norther fleet, you can bet that British will be sending aircraft in the numbers they can muster to support the fleet.
You are overcomplicating things, by assuming that each particular RN destroyer in position to launch relatively short-range anti-ship missile would always have the aerial jammers on its side, and air crew would always be ready and willing to provide jamming support for relatively short-range anti-ship missile (i.e. making themselves a potential target for enemy SAM's).
 
Then this discussion is pointless, because it's not a matter of arguments, it's a matter of beliefs. Not to mention that you apparently did not grasp the simple logic; we are talking about Cold War era systems, and during Cold War neither side could allow itself to assume that "those guys stuff probably did not work as planned". The last time USA assumed something like that, their "invulnerable" U-2 was knocked down by S-75 SAM because guys that runned CIA just assumed the same thing as you - "nah, Soviet missiles could not be that good".
I will not force anyone to take part in this or other discussions with me.


You are overcomplicating things, by assuming that each particular RN destroyer in position to launch relatively short-range anti-ship missile would always have the aerial jammers on its side, and air crew would always be ready and willing to provide jamming support for relatively short-range anti-ship missile (i.e. making themselves a potential target for enemy SAM's).

So we disagree.
 

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